Caterpillars International Strategy

Caterpillars International Strategy Caterpillars International Strategy The domain of international business theory contains an overwhelming array of perspectives and dimensions. International business (IB) definitions and assumptions are as diverse and ambiguous as their sources. Approaches to IB have established the fundamental perspectives as being global or organisational, but the content of these areas are immense. The development of the global approach, or more correctly labelled as ‘macro (Rugman and Hodgetts 2000. pp. 24), has recently evolved in the 1990s as a result of the mixed organisational orientated approaches, otherwise labelled as ‘micro. This discussion takes the form of analysing Caterpillar in the international business arena by highlighting issues and theories that relate initially to the wider macro environment, then specifically towards Caterpillar as an organisation. The selected definition of IB for the basis of this discussion has been taken from an opening statement. This being ‘transactions taking place across national boarders (Rugman and Hodgetts 2000 pp. 5). This simple statement is considered sufficient to incorporate its entirety, however the recognition of the multi dimensional perspectives and their interrelatedness needs to be comprehended. The aim of this discussion is to explain the international strategy of Caterpillar by using its context as a platform for applying relevant literature. Caterpillar history For clarity reasons it is considered necessary to offer a brief introduction to Caterpillar. They have been established in the construction equipment industry for over 75 years and recorded $20.45 billion turnover in 2001 (annual report 2001). Their main products are divided as machinery with 58% of sales, engines with 33%, and financial products with 9%. The mission statement of Caterpillar is to ‘be the global leader in customer value; this clearly indicates the attention to a high quality of service as being their competitive edge. This service is integrated through a sophisticated network of 1840 locations across all six continents, of these; Caterpillar has foreign direct investment (FDI) in 255 locations. The corporate strategy for the future is to bolster their leadership in the market through initiatives labelled by Data monitor (2003) and the annual report (2001) as being ‘profitable growth, championing continuous quality improvement, aggressively reducing costs, and developing an integrated e-business. In attempting to understand the reality of Caterpillars strategy, theories are applied to offer explanations behind the corporate publishings.  The critical success factors associated with Caterpillar are primarily their h3 brand; this is then supported by network and service capabilities that represent reliability and consistency. Caterpillar is also renowned for product innovation; they have continually innovated which has contributed to the brand and reputation. The international market responds to positive brand vales because the nature of the industry requires trust and relationships. The macro factors present are unlimited in the current dynamic world but the important perspectives are structured as political, economic, technological and social. The elements of these perspectives are selected according to the importance for Caterpillar; therefore they are discussed in this context with reference to relevant literature. The political climate is continuously being developed and negotiated amongst the nationalities that exercise power. The current instabilities are dominated by the differences in opinion over the Palestine conflict and the Iraqi situation. As Caterpillar is active across the globe, its operations would need to be sensitively applied so that the local governments are appreciated. The situation of Caterpillar is slightly precarious due to the fact that in political terms, the Americans are seen as the bullying nation, which is a mentality that ideally Caterpillar would like to distance themselves from. On the other hand, the American political objective may provide an opportunity as reconstruction and other Caterpillar products may experience an increase in demand as a result of the speculated war (eg. tank engines and construction products). This circumstance for Caterpillar represents a relations nightmare because in the home country it would need to communicate support in line with t he public opinion, and in the host countries it may benefit from addressing the local perspective. E.g. the activities in China would be adjusted as to address the sensitive issues to ensure sustainability, rather than inhibiting ill feelings from enforcing the ‘American way. Global political situations are important to Caterpillar because they could gain first mover advantage by moving into recently opened markets such as China. The extent that a region is privatised or Lasses-faire is of interest to Caterpillar because it would aid the process of negotiating a relationship. It would be beneficial for Caterpillar to tailor management to either foreign governments or foreign organisations. IB massively influences the macroeconomic environment. The recent conception is that IB is predominately concentrated around three regions rather than integrating the world. This can be seen through the development of trade blocs that encourages IB amongst its members. The most significant research into this economic environment highlights the triad perspective as being dominant. The triad perspective as explained by Rugman (2001) states that the world economy and FDI is based around Europe, America and Japan, this also extends to FDI clusters, namely Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Pacific rim, that are supported by the dominant triad member. The evolution of this economic environment has matured into a three way economic power base that contributes significantly to the adopted international strategy. The conclusions drawn from Rugmans (2001) research appear to dismiss the argument of a global strategy because an organisation like Caterpillar would only have to accommodate the triad perspectives as opposed to incorporating worldwide responsiveness. The analysis of the macroeconomic environment also includes a consideration of the currency markets, and in particular the value of the US dollar against Caterpillars large foreign investments. Caterpillars largest FDI is in Japan; therefore the continual decline in the economy influenced the strategic decision to operate financially in the Japanese market instead of exposing themselves to exchange rate risk. In theoretical terms this strategic decision is known as ‘currency diversification (Rugman Hogetts 2000 pp. 203). On the other hand Caterpillar has a favourable impact from the sales in other currencies, primarily trading with Euros and the Australian Dollar against the weaker US Dollar. The macro social issues relevant to Caterpillar are identified as originating from the animosity felt by the east towards the west. These issues include the resistance of the east in adopting the ‘western way, this then extends into the business sector where an international business strategy involves a high degree of managing through different social contexts. This is supported by Gesteland (1999 pp. 27) who demonstrates the concept of ‘deal first or relationship first. A relevant example of this in terms of Caterpillar is highlighted by Peppas (2002. pp. 52), which suggests that ‘differences were found in terms of attitude towards a code of ethics. Caterpillar places a heavy bias towards its ‘code of conduct, but is this sufficient to address social issues in international business. At present these publications are not enough, as pointed out by Mokhiber and Weissman (2002 pp. 12). This opinion labelled Caterpillar as a ‘bad apple because its ‘D- 9 bulldozer is used by Israeli military to carry out its programme of ‘home destruction, this is directly inconsistent with the ‘code of conduct (2000 pp. 2) which states that it ‘uses our strength and resources to improve, and in some cases rebuild, the lives of our neighbours. Another important social issue involves the rate of investment into the developing world. The recent trend has been to transfer manufacturing to developing countries, which has stimulated construction and booming economies. This suggests that the international market place is dynamic and evolving, which should influence Caterpillar to adapt in emerging markets and control in mature ones. This idea is also interrelated with the triad perspective, it could be advised that Caterpillar enter the clusters with triad adapted strategies, then encourage segmented alterations in response to market conditions. With this idea incorporated within the strategy, it would combine the economies of scale benefits through behind the scenes standardisation, and benefit from local responsiveness by empowering each of the triad bases. The technological environment is particularly significant for Caterpillar to consider. Not only does Caterpillar have to continually improve the current products but it would also be beneficial to innovate new products to overcome original construction problems. This is highlighting the need to be more advanced than the competition, when Caterpillar enters a market it must ensure that the product offerings are compatible with the geological and business needs. For example track driven vehicles are more appropriate than tyres for working on loose sand. Caterpillar must also undertake a broad view of technological developments in order to identify issues such as alternative power, through to advantages identified in the logistical operation. A recent technological innovation has been the Advanced Combustion Emission Reduction Technology (ACERT); in short this is a more environmentally friendly engine. Along with product development and product innovation, Caterpillar must also be aware of opportunities to diversify. The most recent example of this is where Caterpillar introduced financial products to encourage a struggling economy to buy Caterpillar products. Caterpillars international strategy operates within an environment that is affected by the macro factors. These factors are recognised in a global context and are normally uncontrollable; therefore their management involves negotiations rather than influencing and controlling. The strategic decisions that affect the effectiveness of Caterpillar are mainly catered towards the micro level factors. Meaning the micro level factors are at work within wider macro issues. The discussion here extends to the most important micro factors that Caterpillar must consider when structuring their international strategy. The factors in brief are competition, structure and logistics, culture, and marketing. Each of these factors is discussed using relevant theories in the context of Caterpillar and its environment. Competition within the construction equipment industry (CEI) can be described using the industry life cycle and the five forces analysis (Porter 1985). The CEI is arguably beginning to mature internationally because the competition has been shaken down to leave only 27 organisations that are considered major competitors across all product areas (Datamontior 2003 pp. 13). This information excludes the financial products because these are largely dependent on the machines and engines. Due to the maturing nature of the industry, it implies that the customers will be repeat customers as opposed to new. This increases the value of the relationship and importance of having a h3 brand. Caterpillars position is one of leadership through product quality and support servicing; this directly builds the good perception of Caterpillar in the minds of the customers. The components of the five forces model (Porter 1985) illustrate the competitive environment of the CEI. The rivalry amongst existing firms reflects the increasingly internationalised nature of the market. The basis of competition is held in the ability to offer a broad range of equipment, and build confidence through meeting changing needs. The strategy employed by Caterpillar involves creating extra value by offering an extensive range with a supporting service that provides an excuse for premium prices. The main competitors for the heavy equipment market include Komatsu Ltd, Kubota Corporation and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. These are the most powerful competitors whose strategy also includes creating value and charging premium prices. It is noted that two triad areas, namely Japan and the US, predominantly contest the makeup of this market. Although it is conceded that European competitors are significant in the industries architecture. To some extent, the internationalisati on of the industry has provided a situation that can arguably be labelled as an oligopoly (Grant 2002 pp. 71), meaning there are a few organisations that are powerful enough to be deemed sustainable. Again this is more evidence that the industry is maturing, therefore influencing Caterpillars strategic decisions. The other main product of Caterpillar is their engine. The main competitors within this industry are identified, amongst others, as Rolls Royce, Ford Motor Company and Hino Motors Ltd. These competitors are of similar size and employ a strategy of offering reliability and supporting services. However it is noted that Ford and Hino Motors do cut costs and charge cheaper prices, but they still maintain the view of being the leaders. Again the geographical base of these organisations supports the triad perspective introduced by Rugman (2001). The basis of competition is the development of quality in terms of reliability and consistency; it is also an advantageous position to offer a wide range in products. Caterpillar currently offers around twenty different kinds of engine (Caterpillar Product Line 2002), there are also many variances that can be offered within these product ranges. Caterpillar is also recognised for its detailed service; an example of this is that they had temporary p ower established at ground zero hours after the September 11 events. Rugman (2001) demonstrates organisational structure theory as a series of alternative options. This approach offers a clear indication of strategies available, however it is implied that the alternatives are one-way avenues, when in fact a holistic view of organisational structure would include the facility of a hybrid approach. A significant limitation to Rugmans (2001) approach is that it failed to recognise the decision makers predisposition. Whether an organisation is categorised as either ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, or geocentric (Pearlmutter 2001, Rugman 2001) would influence the extent to which it could execute a structure. Can a totally integrated transnational network structure be effective if extreme ethnocentric directors excessively control it? The majority Caterpillars board of directors are American, but the boards predisposition is known only by evidence in the companys structure. Caterpillars operations include a dealer network that is claimed to be an im portant competitive advantage, the dealer network comprises of relationships with local outlets totally integrated with private locations involving large amounts of FDI. This is arguably grouped as a ‘transnational network structure, but it obviously operates to an extent with governance from the home country. To maximise efficiencies and quality of service then the structure may need to consider the triad perspective mentioned earlier. The strategy could involve different approaches relating to sensitivity, but also incorporate the logistical economies of scale and scope. In addition to the ‘transnational network structure, Caterpillar is pursuing alliances, most recently with Ford. The aim for this partnership is to develop supply chain software based on their experience in the vehicle parts market. The American perspective dominates this strategic decision concerning the structure of Caterpillar; therefore if the alliance proves profitable then they are likely to integrate it universally. However this perspective may not be profitable in other cultures, which suggests that different locations are equipped to decide what to integrate and how. Current research by Miller and OLeary (2002) evaluated the performance of Caterpillar factories. The conclusions supported the argument of common manufacturing recommendations, these being the trend of computerisation, multi skilling, and the encouragement of an emergent approach. This new factory architecture represents the absence of control, this may be beneficial in the developed American labour market, but this would not be advisable in bureaucratic cultures such as the Chinese. Further American research is provided by Rao, Scheller-wolf, and Tayur (2000), here they intended to make recommendations for the development of a rapid response supply chain for the compact equipment. These recommendations included background theories such as the network theory, inventory theory and simulation theory, to reason their novel features like the ‘duel nodes of supply, which is to benefit dealer replenishment and customer demand in terms of service speed. The point stressed from such ar ticles is that they are only valid to the specific environment, in terms of structuring internationally then these issues would need to be addressed in each geographical location, and this would be unique in each case. Therefore the construction of an international structure is dependent on the location it chooses. Internally Caterpillar has developed a universal approach of how to operate. They have labelled this 6 Sigma. ‘6 Sigma is about success – about being better than weve ever been. Its about getting there faster (www.caterpillar.com/about), the fact that Caterpillar implement this universally suggests that there is an ethnocentric orientation towards the international management. The micro factor of international culture is a consideration that involves negotiation in order for an organisation to be efficient. Organisational culture on the international stage can be viewed as an extension from the four primary attitudes outlined earlier (Perlmutter 2001, Rugman 2001), these attitudes govern the perceptions of how a company organises its activities. Rugmans (2001) ideas outline the important issues of culture as being language, religion, values and attitudes, manners and customs, material elements, aesthetics, education and social institutions. Although the attitudes of the organisations decision makers are catered for, it is felt that this is the starting point when evaluating an international culture. The unconscious attitude of decision makers will directly affect the extent to which they can implement a strategy such as ‘polycentric. For a pure international strategy, not only do the cultural differences need to be understood, but also the drivers th at influence the culture. This opinion is supported by research undertaken by Gulbro and Herbig (1999), this conclusion states that ‘firms must be better prepared, must improve their knowledge of the other side and its culture. This implies that cultural management is a process of negotiations rather than the encouragement of a ‘one best way approach. Gulbro and Herbig (1999) emphasised the need for organisations to learn from studies that show how different cultures are, therefore this would provide the resources to negotiate effectively the desired business activities. Research into Australian construction companies in Malaysia by McGrath-Champ and Carter (2001 pp. 20) found that ‘HR policies and corporate culture are used as marketing devices, not solely for management strategy. The theory formed from this research highlighted the fact that IB in developing economies needs to provide better insights into the role of the domestic market. It is argued that interna tional business ‘is not simply driven by cost or quality but the success the transactions it has within a host country (McGrath-Champ and Carter 2001 pp.). Caterpillars use of internal and external marketing attempts to communicate culturally consistent messages. Caterpillar regularly produces documents and articles such as the ‘code of conduct, ‘corporate support programs, a magazine, and network and product information. This is evidence that Caterpillar attempts to interact with stakeholders such as the communities, customers, dealers and employees. Another suggestion that Caterpillar manages culture effectively is the resolution of the six-year strike with the United Auto Workers (UAW). However it must be highlighted that it wasnt effective management that created the dispute, or dragged it along for six years, but since its settlement Caterpillar has recorded increasing profits year on year. However an argued reason for this maybe the weak dollar and h3 growth abroad, therefore these markets are in earlier in their life cycles which would suggests that problems may arise in the future. Hopefully experience shall instruct Caterpillar to observe the problems at an early stage. Ba Banutu-Gomez (2002) provides an indication of how to manage culture in developing countries. His recommendation implies that the management of international culture ‘requires a h3 commitment to a high standard of conduct. Managing in this kind of situation requires being able to design and implement a bottom up system, which involves a two-way exc hange. (Ba Banutu-Gomez 2002 pp.39). Similar to Rugmans (2001) highlighted issues; Hofstede (1991) identified four dimensions of work related cultural differences, namely ‘power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualismcollectivism, and masculinityfemininity. This research is an extensive piece based on questionnaires; it provides validity in terms of its thoroughness and its aim is to ‘help managers to identify how to create global competitiveness from diversity (Hoeklin 1994). Caterpillars cultural situation involves the problematic issue of combining the culturally diverse network into an efficient information sharing system. The documentation to signify cultural attention is at a thin level; the vast majority of the corporate marketing is of a very directive nature. For example ‘we are placing renewed emphasis on becoming a continual learning organisation at Caterpillar, using 6 sigma as the way we work (Annual Report 2001 pp. 5). The 6 sigma itself is a continuous improvement programme designed by Americans to implement internationally, this obviously does not recognise the needs to negotiate and exchange for maximum productivity and innovation, instead of enforcing a single way. The microenvironment involving marketing tactics is fairly consistent throughout its international markets. The products that are offered are broadly the same apart from simple language adaptations and alike. The important international marketing issue is the content of the supporting service; this would need to communicate in a way that is consistent with local perceptions. The constant problem for Caterpillar is learning what to communicate and where, therefore it is obvious that it should adopt a ‘polycentric approach as identified earlier. For implementing such a strategy techniques such as Yip and Masdens (1996) ‘Global account management have been proclaimed. Benefits associated with this technique include: Establishing links across regions that carry over time to build institutional relationships Good service leading to reputable benefits that can be transferred to new strategic regions or industries. (Yip and Marsden 1996 pp. 38) There is evidence of this within Caterpillars strategy because firstly, they produce ‘supplier communications guidelines. This maybe against cultural theory but nevertheless they are an attempt to establish a link within regions. The strength of the Caterpillar brand has been utilised by extending it to products associated with the core brand values, such as heavy footwear, clothing and watches. This strategy is confirmed with Chernatory, Halliburton, Bernath (1995 pp.20), where their approach ‘argued that international branding should be based on the core essence of the brand, in terms of its added values and positioning. However it must be recognised that the associated values may need to be refined when marketing in more sensitive markets. With the product being largely standardised and economies of scale being utilised, then the marketing and servicing operations need only to appreciate the local values, instead of marketing a differentiated product. Caterpillar largely promotes a consistent message of reliability, expertise and value for money; these are the underlying assumptions that are connected to the Caterpillar brand. Internal marketing could involve more negotiations through understanding local cultures, although this may unconsciously happen it does not get promoted through the documentation. In summary Caterpillars international strategy has evolved within a market environment that demands reliability and dynamic customer requirements. Therefore their international strategy is a unique response that matches the capabilities with customer demands. The current direction of the strategy is to ‘recalibrate our focus (Annual Report 2001 pp.2), meaning to concentrate on successful products and either retain or achieve leadership. Caterpillar does, and should continue to innovate in terms of products and logistics to maintain opportunities for leadership. The brand values provide a critical advantage in supporting the services because the interrelated nature of this allows prosperity. Caterpillars brand management and marketing internationally is effective in communicating the values, but it has been hinted here that the fundamental values may be ideal for the American market, but not necessarily maximising in foreign markets. Caterpillars logistical network involves vast amounts of investment of money and time; therefore it poses as a significant barrier to entry. The critical aspects of this network are the working relationships. Caterpillar manages these by documenting the ideal personality of a networked company. However, it is concluded that Caterpillar has ethnocentric characteristics, which may be inefficient by suppressing the domestic firms. The structural design of Caterpillar resembles that of a transnational network company, this network covers a large proportion of the globe, but the development of the structure extends from a triad perspective due to early investments in Japan and Europe. A criticism of this suggestion is that Caterpillar have sufficient power to influence networked companies, therefore it could be argued that there is evidence so suggest that it undertakes a global area structure. This is based on the opinion that they have a bureaucratic nature, which works against the network structure fundamentals. The competitive forces of the environment, namely the need for reliability and support service, would suggest that the network structure is more appropriate. Caterpillars ability to develop and produce products is a major advantage, but to create total dominance of the construction industry, their logistical network would need continual maintenance. The resulting recommendation is to encourage an emergent approach that encourages communication and business development within the network.

Critical thinking process Essay

Critical thinking often involves the creation of alternative plans, solutions, approaches, etc. , then comparing original with the alternatives. Creative thinking requires some critical evaluation during and after the creative phase. Critical thinking depends upon that little known and seldom discussed characteristic of the human nervous system—self-reflexiveness. Usually it also depends upon that remarkable human creation and tool—self reflexive language. Humans not only know about their environment, they know that they know; they can think about how they think, evaluate their evaluations. Languages, too, have this self-reflexive characteristic. They enable us to talk about talk, to make statements about statements, to write books about writing books. The self-reflexiveness of language and the human nervous system provide us with an open minded system: we can make statements about statements, indefinitely; we can react to our reactions to our reactions indefinitely. At no point can we say, â€Å"That’s the last word on the subject† or, â€Å"No further reaction is possible† (since, in doing so, we have said more, reacted further). However, believing that we have said the last word may cut of the self-reflexive process. This open ended, self reflexive system makes it possible for us to conduct scientific research, write poetry, plan enterprises, spin out complex tales of fiction—or spread rumours, spin webs of delusion and talk ourselves into insanity or war. Which we will do depends in part upon our motivation, but also upon our understanding of the thinking process and some aspects of the working of the nervous system. General semantics provides a meta-linguistic or ‘second order’ approach to critical thinking. It enables us to use self-reflexiveness systematically to monitor on-going evaluations. The principles and devices it provides call attention to either-or and ‘allness’ statements, to inferences treated as facts, to overgeneralizations, to statements unrestricted in time, to overly-simple statements of causality, etc. The tools work, whatever the order of abstraction, whatever the source of the statement (Johnson, 1991). How language empowers or limits the expression of our thoughts. Along with most of his contemporaries, Blair defines language in terms of a relationship between signs and thoughts: â€Å"Language †¦ signifies the expression of our ideas by certain articulate sounds, which are used as the signs of those ideas† (cited 1:98). Elaborating on this interdependence, he asserts that â€Å"when we are employed†¦ in the study of composition, we are cultivating reason itself. True rhetoric and sound logic are very nearly allied. The study of arranging and expressing our thoughts with propriety, teaches to think, as well as to speak, accurately†¦ so close is the connection between thought and the words in which they are clothed† (Ulman, 1994). Language can empowers and limit the expression of our thoughts. Talking about something that reinforces it, therefore say what you want to be true. Language has power, and by knowing this, you can select words that allow others to hear and understand you. Certain words provide a way of maintaining the focus of what you want. They can assist you to be in the state of mind that you desire. Looking for positive language patterns, gives your brain the opportunity to find alternative ways expressing your experiences to yourself and others. These tools get you off automatic pilot and in control. Having choice means you can regulate how an experience will affect you. You can choose to use your old patterns of expression which produces certain results, or use empowering language to give you different results. Now it can be you who decides. Labels limit is another concept that we’re dealing with here. When we label something or someone, we put a meaning on it that can limit our awareness, experience, and understanding. Labels are a form of beliefs, and like all beliefs, they filter our perceptions. Our beliefs only allow us to be conscious of things that are in agreement with them, and we unconsciously filter everything else. It can be tremendous evidence of the opposite to penetrate the belief filters. But with negative labels, the effects can be very destructive (Kaufman, 1998). The role of critical thinking in persuasion. What is the value of critical thinking? When someone else writes or speaks a peace of reasoning, they are trying to persuade us of something. Persuasion is an attempt to get us to believe something. People want us to believe things so that we will act in certain ways. Action requires some effort. There are choices involved. We could be doing something else. Because of this, it is very useful to be able to evaluate reasoning, for some pieces of reasoning should be accepted while others should not be accepted. If persuasion occurs in advertising, we could be doing many other things with our money. Take buying a car, for example. A lot of money can be involved, so what kind of car to buy can be a pretty big decision. Whether to marry a certain person or which of a couple of job offers to take are still bigger decisions. Almost every reader will eventually get some serious illness. There may be several different treatments available. One’s comfort, health, even ones life may depend on the decision as to which treatment to undertake. To make these decisions well, we will need to gather our own reasons to support various alternative conclusions. At that time, we could make an irrational decision, or a sheep like decision to follow some other person’s advice. The values of critical thinking, specifically how to recognize and evaluate reasoning, are the following: †¢ It help us arrive at true conclusions and therefore †¢ it increases our knowledge. †¢ It should help us make better decisions. †¢ It should help us persuade others and †¢ explain truth to them. †¢ Contribute to a happier life (Cogan, 1998). References Johnson, K. G. (1991). Thinking creatically: a systematic, interdisciplinary approach to creative-critical thinking. Englewood: Institute of General Semantics. Kaufman, R. A. (1998). Anatomy of Success. New York: Ronald A Kaufman. Robert Cogan. (1998). Critical thinking: step by step. Boston: University Press of America. Ulman, H. L. (1994). Things, thoughts, words, and actions: the problem of language in late eighteenth-century British rhetorical theory. New York: SIU Press.

The Hidden Truth About Types of Term Paper Revealed

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The Motion Pictures and the Magic Lantern - 561 Words

The beginning of the motion picture industry can perhaps be traced back to a mid seventeenth century invention called the â€Å" Magic Lantern.† Dutchman Christiann Huygens is arguably the inventor of the â€Å"Magic Lantern.† Over two centuries later, Leland Stanford hired Edward Muybridge to attempt to capture the complete motion of a horse galloping to win a bet. Stanford’s theory was that all four legs of the horse leave the ground at the same time. He was correct. This was the huge step in bringing motion pictures to life, and then in 1890 Thomas Edison and William Dickson developed and tested the Kinescope. The major factors that lead to the development of the motion picture industry were the usage of the â€Å"Magic Lantern† and innovations by Thomas Edison; the motion picture industry was developed in terms of the need for technological innovations and narrative structure, and Hollywood has played a major role in the culture of the motion picture industry through the years. The first major factors that lead to the development of the motion picture industry were the usage of the â€Å"Magic Lantern† and innovations by Thomas Edison. The Magic Lantern projected an image onto a flat surface by illuminating the image on glass with a candle. Following that, the first motion picture Thomas Edison captured on this Kinescope was titled â€Å"The Sneeze,† and it was simply a short film of an Edison employee, Fred Ott, sneezing. Edison continued to make short films at his studio in New Jersey, theShow MoreRelatedFilm Review : Making A Film1181 Words   |  5 Pagesprocess the head people in charge make preparations for the film. For example they hold auditions to know what the cast and film crew to hire, they begin to build sets for the film, and they begin searching for and choosing the locations for the motion picture. This part of the process is when the film begins to take its shape. The script is put to action and it is then recorded during th e film shoot. During this process, it is when the director has their ideas brought to life. While filming, thingsRead MoreMy Museum Of World Religions Essay1575 Words   |  7 Pagesthe statements of faith. Apostle’s creed has remained the most popular of the Christian faith. This statement pertaining to the creed is traced to the apostolic period. On the wall in front of you is a framed copy of the apostle’s creed, one in pictures and one in Arabic, sometimes entitled Symbol of the Apostles, it is an early statement of Christian belief—a creed or symbol. I believe in God, the Father almighty, Creator of heaven and earth, and in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord, whoRead MoreAnimation Of The Animation Industry1350 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is animation? Animation is a vivid, beautiful form of art that’s used to display kinetic motion. In history many animations have been produced for a variety of reasons: entertainment, education, research, and even propaganda. The possibilities that come with animations are endless. The animation industry has been introduced roughly a century ago, yet not until recently has it begun to boom with reports in 2008 estimating the industry to be worth $68.4 billion dollars1. Throughout history thisRead MoreThe And Motion Picture Franchises For All Of The 1990s Children1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe Harry Potter series is one of the most exceptional book and motion picture franchises for all of the 1990s children. The posters encountered the responsibility of retaining the audiences’ exhilaration, for the films, over a period of 8 movies and 10 years. The posters play on a powerful and influential role in order to persuade the audience to see each new film. The visual rhetoric of the Harry Potter film posters propitiously creates eagerness, suspense, mystery, and gets the audience to questionRead MoreReview Of Mid Century Movie Craze Essay2146 Words   |  9 Pageslandscapes and prompted artists to construct more desirable creations. There were many ways to create a panorama such as using glass plates, prints, swing lens cameras, painting, and photographs. These machines generally were hand cranked to create motion which tricked the eye to see a moving object. This article introduced me to John Banvard who was a man that combined sketches and canvas into large scale moving panoramas. He worked as a scene painter on the Chapman family’s Floating Theater andRead MoreReview Of Waiting For Godot, Hamlet, And Moulin Rouge903 Words   |  4 Pagestwenty-four picture frames are rapidly fired one after the other. â€Å"... later research demonstrated, however, that it was the brain’s inability to separate the rapidly changing individual images from each other that caused the phenomenon [of persistence of vision.]† (Foster) One of the major contributors to early cinema was Muybridge’s motion study of a horse running that was captured by setting up twelve different cameras which was then later projected as a moving image on the â€Å"magic lanterns† at theRead MoreThe Progression of Film2022 Words   |  9 PagesOne would assume it began with fire, something that aroused the eyes and entertained the mind.Though fire may have been the beginning, centuries upon centuries later a much more highly intelligent form of entertainment revolutionized the world, motion pictures. In the dog eat dog world of entertainment Film reigns alpha dog. Film has some of the biggest influence on the world around us. It shapes our adolescence, teaching foreign things to the young developing mind. Cinema has spurred riots, love, andRead MoreAudio And Video Has Been Used Since 1850 S1925 Words   |  8 Pagesfilms.†(Bellis, M. ,2015). This technology revolutionized pictures of today. If this was not found out we would still have black and white pictures. the process in putting the color in the picture is by the bonding of chemicals to create the image with color:† dye-coupled colors in which a chemical process connects the three dye layers together† (Bellis, M. ,2015). After a few decades of the camera being invented the first movie or motion picture is created:† in 1877, he set up a battery of 12 camerasRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Burial Of The Dead 2047 Words   |  9 Pagesand unrelated to reflect and match the decay and chaos of the modern world. Out of these unrelated and chaotic examples of events, the reader may infer that the speaker wants to put together a big and complicated picture of a puzzle, but no one seems to be able to put together such picture that may not even exist. Playing with Meter: The second part of the poem begins abruptly with blank verse a traditional and classical English meter: The chair she sat in, like a burnished throne, (TWL,71), theseRead MoreFtv 106a Essay9564 Words   |  39 Pageshired Muybridge to take pictures of racehorses and prove or disprove this o 1877 – Muybridge built special track with a camera house with 12 electrically operated cameras, and a marked fence along the track to give precise measurements of a horse’s position in each shot → each camera fitted with an electromagnetic shutter that could take photos in succession = he discovered that horses do life all four legs off the ground; this was a huge breakthrough in visual study of motion o He could put these

Comparison Between The World And Me By Ta Nehisi Coates

Power Struggle Between the World and Me by Ta-Nehisi Coates is a book that demands attention in today s society where racism and hostility towards the black community are still very common. The book is written in the form of a letter to Coates’s son where he examines the black body and how it is viewed in the world by white americans. Coates gives insight into relevant social justice issues such as Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and Trayvon Martin and provides an intense reality depicting the life of those in the black community. Coates describes his life growing up and explains the ever changing realizations he comes to regarding the black body as he grows and develops. He takes the readers on a journey through his experiences and education, allowing us to directly see his opinions regarding the black body develop and reshape over time. Coates focuses in on his different forms of education and how they influenced his opinions on power and freedom of the black body. Ultimately through his life experiences and education Coates realizes that the black body can be viewed as simultaneously powerful and powerless within society. Coates describes his early forms of education in grades k-12 and the ways in which it shaped his views of the black body. This period of education was a time in which Coates viewed the black body as powerless based on the difficult situation he was living. This early educational experience in Coats’s life was extremely conflicting due to the fact that theShow MoreRelated1 / 5. Student’S Name: . Professor’S Name: . Course: .1165 Words   |  5 Pages1 / 5 Student’s Name: Professor’s Name: Course: Date: Between the World and Me: Black Identity The book Between the World and Me was written by Ta-Nehisi Coates in 2015. The book takes the format of a letter addressed to the writer’s teenage son, where he continually addresses the subject of African Americans in the society (4). Looking at the work from a more critical perspective, Coates work seems to have been inspired by the work of Baldwin of 1963 The Fire Next Time, where he spoke of whiteRead MoreThe Black Man s Existence Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pagesin an act of violence. In Between the World and Me, Ta-Nehsi Coates writes about the state of black bodies in America, focusing on the racial violence and harassment that black men face on a daily basis, in the form of a letter to his son. The black man’s existence in America is established by this ever-present fear of death due to the fact that their bodies and their general existence is so policed through social subjugation and institutionalized violence. Moreover, Coates explains that the whiteRead MoreTh e Black Man s Existence Of The World And Me, By Ta Nehsi Coates Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesthings that every person feels. In America, this primal desire to survive is what governs African American men in their daily life as a result of the constant fear that their bodies will be taken from them in an act of violence. In Between the World and Me, Ta-Nehsi Coates writes about the state of black bodies in America, focusing on the racial violence and harassment that black men face on a daily basis, in the form of a letter to his son. It is clear that the black man’s existence in America is establishedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Between The World And Me Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesIn Ta-Nehisi Coates’ book Between the World and Me, he writes from a political, yet deeply personal standpoint to analyze today’s version of racism. Coates strays away from his usual journalist works to a more deeper and personal view. His book is devoted to his fifteen-year-o ld son, Samori, and provides him with guidance through the struggle of racism; all while letting Samori fend for himself. Coates’ lets his son know all this through history, and heritage; of his own and of America’s. Ta-NehisiRead MoreBlack And The State Of North Carolina Essay977 Words   |  4 Pagesmeasured in the United States?). Unlike some people, my prior knowledge on these subjects was very minimal until I read the article â€Å"The Case for Reparations† by Ta-Nehisi Coates. Coates article focuses on stratification, social class and class system in the American society. The article had very interesting and shocking point which made me measure them first hand through the use of NC LINK and ArcGIS online mapping software. The variables that chose to study were the black population that the NorthRead MoreWhat We Can Not Be Free Until They Are Free Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesJames Baldwin in an excerpt from â€Å"A Letter to My Nephew: The Fire Next Time†. Never has there ever been a truer statement on the outlook of the American people. Now we have writer, Ta-Nehisi Coates, who has been likened to James Baldwin, and because of his style in â€Å"Between the World and Me.† However, in classic Coates style, what we get from this book is tales of childhood in West Baltimore, violence, gang, love, hope, education, police brutality, and most importantly of all, we get race and racismRead MoreRacism And The World And Me1455 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Most† Known Unknown in the World Racism has been and always will be a form of segregation concurrently and in the history of humanity. From Ancient times to current, the status of segregation by any means of oppression privy of power, wealth, and prestige has been as second nature as drinking water. While Coates has his own perspective of reality and its structure, it’s interesting that a so called genius had taken almost 30 years to finally see the true nature of â€Å"the beast† he frequented.

My Cv Free Essays

OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY ILE-IFE CURRICULUM VITAE FOR ACADEMIC STAFF A PERSONAL DATA: 1. Name:APELOKO David Olubunmi (Surname) (Other names) 2. Date and Place of Birth: 19th September, 1979; Ilawe Ekiti 3. We will write a custom essay sample on My Cv or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nationality:Nigerian 4. State of Origin:Ekiti State 5. Senatorial District: Ekiti South 6. Local Government Area:Ekiti South West Local Government 7. Permanent Home Address:Line 1, Modomo Layout, The Dawn B/S, Ile – Ife. 8. Marital Status:Married 9. No. of Children and their Ages:One: 3 years. 10. Name and Address of Spouse: Mrs Olubunmi-Apeloko Kehinde Line 1, Modomo Area, the Dawn B/S, Ile – Ife 11. Date of Assumption Duty: March 1st, 2012 12. Status on First Appointment:Graduate Assistant 13. Present Position: Graduate Assistant 14. Date of Present Appointment: February 28th, 2012 15. Present Salary: CONUAS 01, step 2 16. Date of Confirmation Appointment: Not Applicable 17. If Not Confirmed, Why? :Duration Not Yet Attained 18. Faculty:Administration 19. Department/UnitPublic Administration B. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND: 1. Higher Educational Institution Attended with Dates: ) Obafemi Awolowo University (2010-2013) b) Obafemi Awolowo University (2003-2007) 2. Academic and Professional Qualifications: a) M. Sc Political Science, Obafemi Awolowo University (2013) b) B. Sc Political Science Obafemi Awolowo University (2007) 3. Other Distinctions and Awards (with Dates): Nil 4. Specialization: Comparative studies, Political communication, Conflict Management, Public policy, H RM and Governance 5. Fields of Interest: Conflict Study and Resolution, Comparative studies, New Media Communication, Public policy Analysis, HRM and Governance C. WORK EXPERIENCE 1. Previous Work Experience outside the University System Associate Lecturer, Osun State College of Education, Ila (Ife Study Center) 2. Work Experience in the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Graduate Assistant since February, 2012 till date 3. Courses Taught within the last Academic Session: PAD 301 – Organisation and Administrative Theory (Assisting-Lecturer-in-charge) PAD 306- Traditional Administrative System in Nigeria (Assisting-Lecturer-in-charge) PAD 401 – Local Government Administration in Nigeria (Assisting-Lecturer-in-charge) D. MEMBERSHIP OF PROFESSIONAL BODIES Member, National Association of Political Science (NAPS) Graduate member, Nigeria Institute of Management (NIM) E. PUBLICATIONS: 1. Thesis/Dissertation: i) The Impact of Domestic Policies on Nigerian Foreign Policy under President Olusegun Obasanjo (1999-2007) (B. Sc Dissertation, Obafemi Awolowo University. Ile – Ife) ii) An Assessment of the Role of the Mass Media in President Obasanjo’s Third Term Agenda. , (M. Sc Thesis submitted to the Department of Political Science, OAU, Ile- Ife. ) 2. Review of Book Nil 3a. Published Articles 1. Ayeni O. O. and Apeloko D. O. (2013): Political Party Finance: An Examination of the Three Dominant Political Parties in 2007 Governorship Election in Ekiti State. JABU International Journal of Social and Management Sciences. Vol. 4. No 1. pp 128-143 ?2. Olaiya T. A.. Apeloko D. O and Ayeni O. O. (2013). Factors in Mass Media, Third- Term Agenda and Governance in Nigeria. American Journal of New Mass Media and Mass Communication. Vol. 10. pp 48-62. b. Published Conference Proceedings Nil 4. Manuscripts Accepted for Publication (a) Apeloko D. O. and Ayeni O. O. (2013). â€Å"Tyrant Democrats†, the Third Term Agenda and the Nature of Mass Media’ Role. Quarterly Journal of Administration. b) Apeloko D. O. and Ayeni O. O. (2012). National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) in Post- Crisis Management Project in Jos, Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Social and Development Issues, University of Calabar, Calabar. 5. Manuscripts Submitted for Publication: a) Reporting Human Right Acc urately: Panacea for Economic Development in Nigeria b) Apeloko D. Olubunmi and Ayeni O. O. (2012). New Paradigm of Political Violence in Nigeria: Mapping the Territory of Theories. . Creative Work: Nil 7. Technical Reports: Nil 8. Papers and Works in Preparation Human Resource Management in Post-Bank Merger/Acquisition in Nigeria: A thoughtful examination of Access Bank Plc. _________________________________________________________ ? Foreign publication F. PROFESSIONAL ACCOMPLISHMENT: Research works on different subjects within the spectrum of politics and administration. G. CONFERENCE ATTENDED 50th anniversary international conference organized by the department of History, OAU, Ile – Ife, 28th-31st October, 2012 on Security Challenge in Nigeria. H CURRENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES An Assessment of National ICT Policy in Nigeria and the Implication for the Promotion of Good Governance. I. EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES Thinking and discussing J. ANY OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION Duties within the department 1. Secretary, Departmental meeting 2. Assisting Part three Adviser †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Signature Date How to cite My Cv, Papers

Market Entry of Chemist Warehouse Australia-Samples for Students

Question: Elucidate on the market entry of Chemist Warehouse Australia within France and Singapore. Answer: Introduction The Australian company, Chemist Warehouse is instrumental in the operation of a chain of retail pharmacies. It is the largest pharmacy retailer that has more than 8000 employees. The company is known for offering discounts in relation to pharmaceutical goods. It is also called the McDonald of pharmacy and it has a complex franchise structure that can circumvent the regulations of Australia. It limits the number of pharmacies that can operate within any particular area. The structure of the company allows it to control around 300 pharmacies within Australia that makes up around 20 % of market share. Business model that is made use of by the Chemist Warehouse involves minimal equity investment by that of the individual pharmacists complying to the trading terms (Paola 2016). The individual pharmacists who are working under that of Chemist Warehouse umbrella reap the benefit from that of bulk purchasing power. The individual pharmacists can thus take the advantage of being associated wi th Chemist Warehouse (Chemistwarehouse.com.au, 2017). The company earns an average revenue of around $2.3 billion in a year. According to the Inside Retail Magazine, its position is number 16 among the 50 powerful retailer (Haggan 2015). It was founded in the year 2000 by Mr Gance along with that of his notorious secretive family. This reputed brand chain is mainly known for its special bright fluoro discount tag. The company also boasts of many chemist along with My Beauty Spot Store. Around two million Australians walk into the shop in each week thus helping in making its owners- Gances along with their partners extremely rich. They started the business without having the need of raising outside capital. It initially started with that of single store and has completely transformed the retail landscape of the nation. The Australian public are drawn to the brand for its discounted healthcare products. Pharmacy Guild have criticised their discount behemoth and stated that it threatens the healthcare standard along with employment conditi on within industry (Thai, Vitry and Moss 2014). Macro-environmental and Geopolitical force Macro-environmental and geopolitical force of France According to the Code of Public Health, a medicinal product can be sold within France if it is registered and authorised for sale. They should have the marketing authorisation (MA) and medicines that are authorised in a different EU jurisdiction should have an import licence with the help of which it can be imported within France. The unauthorised medicinal products can be distributed with the help of a compassionate use programme. The medicinal product should obtain temporary use authorisation from that of National Security Agency of Medicines (Hayes 2016). There are exceptions in relation to authorisation requirement that is produced at a pharmacy and which was intended for a particular patient. Bertrand Law provides authorisation to the French Drug Agency to enforce new indication to that of a product that is already authorised. This happens when the new indication is already in use outside that of the official scope of indication. This is known as recommendation temporaire d util isation. A temporary use authorisation helps in allowing early access to that of new promising drug or to that of old drugs that are not covered by that of marketing authorisation in France (Morse 2015). This occurs when there is an unmet need. Political Economic The government is greatly centralized and has tight administrative control It has heavy industries that can manufacture machinery and electronics and chains of supermarkets throughout out the world Social Technology Income along with class disparity exists and the youth fall prey to the criminal activities Health is a sector in which France is deploying its research budget The government of France being greatly centralized does not encourage the market entry of other business. It acts as a barrier in relation to free trade. France is making use of the research budget in the sector of health so that it can develop the particular sector. Macro-environmental and geopolitical force of Singapore Singapore has undergone economic growth and the growth is on account of private consumption expenditure along with that of investments. The Singaporean economy is known for having an economy that is vibrant and based on free market policy. There is the prevalence of an environment that is corruption-free that greatly supports the sector of business (Gopinath, Helpman and Rogoff 2014). The legal along with financial framework bodes well for the market entry of new business. The government has provided a lot of investment in relation to diversifying the economy. On account of this kind of policy, the pharmaceutical along with other industries have greatly flourished. The geographical position of Singapore that is strategically very convenient facilitates trade and market entry. Political Economic It is a democratic country and there is chance of lowest amount of political risk It has a vibrant free market economy and has corruption free environment Social Technological The people residing is hard working that has led to the prosperity of the place. Internet has played a key role in the advancement of Singapore. The vibrant free market policy of Singapore greatly facilitates the pursuing of trade with that of other countries. People working in Singapore are really hard working that has caused the place to prosper. Trade and Business Policy Trade and business policy of France The member states of European Union (EU) have created a system of Community Integrated Traffic in which case duties are applied to that of imports from those countries that are non-EU. The Uruguay Round has implemented a single market program. It lays emphasis on the strengthening of the European market rather than that of creating new policy direction (Matsushita et al. 2015). The duty that is levied on imports from that of non-EU countries is of a moderate amount. The manufactured goods are burdened with a tax rate between that of 5 and 17 percent. The tariff schedule of the European Union is on the basis of Customs Cooperation Council Nomenclature also named as the harmonized system. This system was brought into practice in order to solve the purpose of providing standard tariff classification (Matusz and Tarr 2017). Case duties are applied to the imports of other countries that are non-EU. The single market program of the place will hinder the entry of Chemist Warehouse Australia. Customs Cooperation Council Nomenclature helped in providing standard tariff classification. Trade and business policy of Singapore The policy of the government lays emphasis on economic restructuring from that of labour intensive growth to that of productivity. An incentive structure is encouraged that encourages skill-enhancing investment within the parameter of workforce. Openness in relation to trade along with investment is the main hallmark of the trade policy of Singapore (Rugman and Verbeke 2017). The goods and services trade becomes almost four times to that of the size of annual GDP. The trade of Singapore is corroborated by network of 21 regional along with bilateral trade agreement. Merchandise trade and preferential trading partner account for 80 % of the import of Singapore. Skill enhancing investment in Singapore would prove to be a benefit for Chemist Warehouse Australia. Open relations in trade would greatly benefit a foreign country for carrying out trade. There is bilateral trade agreement that would greatly help Chemist Warehouse Australia. Dangers and opportunities Dangers and Opportunities of France Dangers Companies should be able to adapt themselves quickly so that they can successfully manage the unfavourable economic environment. The global companies that are doing business in France have to face the legal and administrative challenges that add a level of complexity. They also have to incur additional expense. The tax system of France is very generous owing to the research tax credit of France. France swept past all the European counterparts in order to become the leading country in relation to fast growing technology. There was an increase of around more than 230,000 active enterprises in the year 2014 that accounted for a 7.2 % rise (Matusz and Tarr 2017). It was the largest increase within that of the European Union and the manufacturing sector saw net enterprise creation of around 9.9 %. In the year 2015, France went ahead of other European cities in order to raise seed capital. France was second within the European venture capital by the amount of transaction numbers. Opportunities One of the strength of France lies on account of low business cost that it provides for the foreign companies. According to a Competitive Alternatives Survey that was conducted in the year 2016 the operating cost of business was 9.5 % lower in France as compared to United States. France has been struggling with economic crisis however the GDP growth recovered by around 1.3 % in the year 2015 that was driven by public consumption (Rugman and Verbeke 2017). The social climate in France is restless on account of labour law. Structural reforms can help the country to deal with the challenges. Reduction in relation to budget deficit and improving the productivity can help in the arena of promotion of industrial development. Financial crisis has given rise to unemployment along with that of economic uncertainty (Leih and Teece 2014). Dangers and Opportunities of Singapore Dangers The open economy of Singapore makes it susceptible to that of external shock. Singapore faces regional along with global competition. The risks are posed by the fact that constraints are imposed on labour and credit will spoil growth (Blackburne and Buckley 2017). Opportunities Singapore has always acted as an advocate of multilateral trading system and it acts as a promoter of trade liberalization within the World Trade Organization. Singapore was among the first WTO member who deposited the instrument of acceptance to that of Trade Facilitation Agreement. Singapore operates the Trade Facilitation along with Integrated Risk-based system. Almost most of the products enter duty-free under that of applied MFN tariff regime. 70 % of the tariffs of Singapore are covered by that of are covered by that of tariff buildings that has a simple average bound rate of around 6.9 % (Gereffi and Sturgeon 2013). The transparency of the trade regime of Singapore is enhanced by that of regular notifications to the WTO committees. The export controls are put into force mainly in relation to health and safety. The export taxes are not applied by Singapore. The performance of economy in Singapore is often seen as barometer in relation to world trade. Conclusion The economic success of Singapore is on account of open policy of trade. Singapore will be a favourable country for the market entry of Chemist Warehouse Australia. The openness of Singapore in relation to international trade is on account of measures undertaken. Chemist Warehouse Australia can enter the market of Singapore very conveniently and the liberal financial framework will bode well for the business. The economy of Singapore is vibrant and its free market policy will be advantageous for the entry of a business. The corruption free environment prevailing in Singapore supports business greatly. The very convenient geographical position of Singapore will prove to be favourable for market entry. The trade regime is transparent that has been augmented by regular notifications of WTO committees. Singapore has pursued trade liberalization on the regional level. The government policy of Singapore is supportive and it helps in regulation of economic activities that can prove to be promising for the entry of Chemist Warehouse Australia. The companies that will do business in France have to encounter legal challenges that add an additional burden of complexity. The foreign accompanies also have to face additional expense in order to enter the market. The single market program of France is not conducive for business and acts as a barrier in case of market entry. The economic policy of France lays more stress on strengthening of market as compared to that of new policy direction. The goods that are produced have to face a tax rate between 5 and 17 %. France is facing consequences for the economic crisis that is not advantageous for the market entry. Social climate prevailing in France is very restless due to labour law (Thai, Vitry and Moss 2014). The company needs to undergo a lot of structural reforms that can facilitate trade and pave the path for a growing economy. Reducing the budget deficit can help in bringing about industrial development. The productivity should be improved so that it facilitates the running of a business. The financial crisis should be properly dealt with so that it emerge to become a country that supports business (Hayes 2016). The research ecosystem of Singapore has enabled the companies in the arena of accessing multidisciplinary capabilities within a single location. A large number of leading biomedical science company have made use of Singapore as their key home base in order to drive innovation. The pharmaceutical industry of Singapore has flourished to a great extent and this can prove to be a positive factor for the market entry of Chemist Warehouse Australia. Singapore is the leading logistics hub and the fastest growing bio-cluster within Asia that makes conditions favourable for the entry of a business (Gopinath, Helpman and Rogoff 2014). Singapore has strategic partnership with many research institutes and corporate labs that has helped in strengthening the pharmaceutical sector. The corporate hubs can help in developing new medicines and develop future therapy that has greatly strengthened the sector. Singapore lays great emphasis in developing a research ecosystem that is vibrant and the strong scientific foundation greatly helps in strengthening the pharmaceutical business. Singapore is mainly known for its clinical research facility within Asia and different initiatives like training of personnel have greatly helped the business to earn profit and grow (Leih and Teece 2014). Contract Research Organisations have established operations within Singapore in order to provide valuable support to the outsourcing needs of the firms. They provide different kinds of service and helps in validation of services in order to support the client. The clinical excellence of Singapore makes it hugely sought after and it is a poten tial market for business. The contract research organisations offer different kinds of services that help in the growth of the clinical business. References: Blackburne, G.D. and Buckley, P.J., 2017. The international business incubator as a foreign market entry mode.Long Range Planning. Chemistwarehouse.com.au. (2017).Australia's Cheapest Online Pharmacy. [online] Available at: https://www.chemistwarehouse.com.au/ [Accessed 21 Dec. 2017]. Gereffi, G. and Sturgeon, T., 2013. Global value chain-oriented industrial policy: the role of emerging economies.Global value chains in a changing world. Gopinath, G., Helpman, E. and Rogoff, K. eds., 2014.Handbook of international economics(Vol. 4). Elsevier. Haggan, M., 2015. Mario Tascone-Chemist Warehouse: Success is all about relevance...AJP: The Australian Journal of Pharmacy,96(1143), p.22. Hayes, J.P., 2016.Making trade policy in the European Community. Springer. Leih, S. and Teece, D., 2014. Market Entry Strategies. Matsushita, M., Schoenbaum, T.J., Mavroidis, P.C. and Hahn, M., 2015.The World Trade Organization: law, practice, and policy. Oxford University Press. Matusz, S.J. and Tarr, D.G., 2017. Adjusting to trade policy reform. InTrade Policies for Development and Transition(pp. 77-114). Matusz, S.J. and Tarr, D.G., 2017. Adjusting to trade policy reform. InTrade Policies for Development and Transition(pp. 77-114). Morse, E., 2015.Foreign policy and interdependence in Gaullist France. Princeton University Press. Paola, S., 2016. CWH and guild go head to head.PS Post Script, (Nov 2016), p.3. Rugman, A.M. and Verbeke, A., 2017.Global corporate strategy and trade policy(Vol. 12). Routledge. Rugman, A.M. and Verbeke, A., 2017.Global corporate strategy and trade policy(Vol. 12). Routledge. Thai, L.P., Vitry, A.I. and Moss, J.R., 2014. Discounting of medicines in Australian community pharmacies.Australian Health Review,38(5), pp.517-522.